Subject : The Mughal Empire Invasion in India
In India, the Mughal Empire was one of the greatest empires ever. The Mughal Empire ruled hundreds of millions of people. India became united under one rule, and had very prosperous cultural and political years during the Mughal rule. There were many Muslim and Hindu kingdoms split all throughout India until the founders of the Mughal Empire came. There were some men such as Babar, grandson to the Great Asian conqueror Tamerlane and the conqueror Genghis Khan from the northern region of Ganges, river valley, who decided to take over Khyber, and eventually, all of India.
Briefly They were top six Kings of Mughal Rulers Mainly they were :
Babar (1526 - 1530),
Hamayun (1530 - 1540 and 1555 - 1556)
Akbar (1556-1605):
Jehangir: (1605 - 1627)
Shah Jahan : (1628 - 1658)
Aurangazeb : ((1658 - 1707)
1) Babar (1526-1530):
The great grandson of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, was the first Mughal emperor in India. He confronted and defeated Lodhi in 1526 at the first battle of Panipat, and so came to establish the Mughal Empire in India. Babar ruled until 1530, and was succeeded by his son Humayun.
Key Battles For Babar :
1519 - First Battle
1526 - First Panipat (Defeated Ibrahim Lodi)
1527 - Kanwa Battle (Defeated Rana Sangram Singh)
1528 - Chanderi Battle (Defeated Medhini Roy Conquered Candheri Fort)
1529 - Gogra Battle (Defeated Afghans and Mohammad Lodi).
Important Points about Babar :
Babar Means 'Tiger'.
Who is Equlivalent to Babar : Sri Krishna Deva Raya ( AP SI - 2011)
Built Majid's in Sambal , Panipat and Agra.
Built Kabul Bagh Garden in Panipat
Babar wrote 'Babar Nama' / 'tujuk-e-babari' .
2) Humayun (1530-1540 and 1555-1556):
The eldest son of Babar, succeeded his father and became the second emperor of the Mughal Empire. He ruled India for nearly a decade but was ousted by Sher Shah Suri, the Afghan ruler. Humayun wandered for about 15 years after his defeat. Meanwhile, Sher Shah Suri died and Humayun was able to defeat his successor, Sikandar Suri and regain his crown of the Hindustan. However, soon after, he died in 1556 at a young age of 48 years.
Battles of Humayun :
1539 - Battle of Chosa (Bengal) (Defeated by Sher Shah)
1540 - Batttle of Bilgram (Kanoj) - (Defeated by Sher Shah and Ledt to Persia)
1555 - Battle of Sirhind (Defeated Sikinder Sur and again Established Mughual Empire).
Important Points About Humayun :
Humayun Sister Gul Badhan Begum Wrote 'Humayun Nama' (History of Humayun).
Humayun Built Biggest Library and Scientif Building for Geography.
He Belief in Omen's which Hindus Belief.
He died in 1556 by falling from Library Steps.
His Grave was built in Delhi (UNESCO) by Wife Hameeda Banu Begum.
Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545):
Suri was an Afghan leader who took over the Mughal Empire after defeating Humayun in 1540. Sher Shah occupied the throne of Delhi for not more than five years, but his reign proved to be a landmark in the Sub-continent. As a king, he has several achievements in his credit. He established an efficient public administration. He set up a revenue collection system based on the measurement of land. Justice was provided to the common man. Numerous civil works were carried out during his short reign; planting of trees, wells and building of Sarai (inns) for travellers was done. Roads were laid; it was under his rule that the Grand Trunk road from Delhi to Kabul was built. The currency was also changed to finely minted silver coins called Dam. However, Sher Shah did not survive long after his accession on the throne and died in 1545 after a short reign of five years.
Battles of Suri :
1534 - Battle of Suraj Ghar (Defeated Bengal King)
1539 - Battle of Chowsa (Defeated Humayun),
1540 - Battle of Kanoj (Defeated Humayun)
Important Points Regarding Sher Shah Suri :
Sher Khan was given by Behar Khan For killing a Tiger,
Lion of Justice also called,
Postal Service with Horses,
First Grand Trunk Road From Delhi to Kabul,
Built Purana Khila (Delhi)
Grave at Sasaaram (Bihar) at Musolium,
Rahtas Ghar Fort at Banks of Jhelum River and Satrams.
Akbar (1556-1605):
Humayun's heir, Akbar, was born in exile and was only 13 years old when his father died. Akbar's reign holds a certain prominence in history; he was the ruler who actually fortified the foundations of the Mughal Empire. After a series of conquests, he managed to subdue most of India. Areas not under the empire were designated as tributaries. He also adopted a conciliatory policy towards the Rajputs, hence reducing any threat from them.
Akbar was not only a great conqueror, but a capable organizer and a great administrator as well. He set up a host of institutions that proved to be the foundation of an administrative system that operated even in British India. Akbar's rule also stands out due to his liberal policies towards the non-Muslims, his religious innovations, the land revenue system and his famous Mansabdari system. Akbar's Mansabdari system became the basis of Mughal military organization and civil administration.Akbar died in 1605, nearly 50 years after his ascension to the throne, and was buried outside of Agra at Sikandra. His son Jehangir then assumed the throne.
Battle of Akbar :
1556 - Battle of Panipat - II (Defeated Hemu)
1564 - Battle of Gandwana (Defeated Rani Durgawati)
1567 - 68 : Conquered Mewad (Defeated Uday Singh)
1572 - 73 : Conquered Gujarat (Constructed Buland Darwaza)
1576 - Battle of Haldi Ghat (Defeated Rana Pratap Singh)
1595 - 1600 : Won 2 Battles, (Defeated Ahmad Nagar Rani Chand BiBi Sacrifised death)
1601 - Battle of Kandhesh Conquered AsirGhar (Last battle of Akbar).
Important Points Regarding Akbar :
Akbar Became king at a age of 13 / 14 years (1156 Feb 14th) at Kalanur (Group- I , 2010).
Jijiya Tax and Tourist Tax was banned by him.
Jehangir: (1605 - 1627)
Akbar was succeeded by his son, Salim, who took the title of Jehangir, meaning "Conqueror of the World". He married Mehr-un-Nisa whom he gave the title of Nur Jahan (light of the world). He loved her with blind passion and handed over the complete reins of administration to her. He expanded the empire through the addition of Kangra and Kistwar and consolidated the Mughal rule in Bengal. Jehangir lacked the political enterprise of his father Akbar. But he was an honest man and a tolerant ruler. He strived to reform society and was tolerant towards Hindus, Christians and Jews. However, relations with Sikhs were strained, and the fifth of the ten Sikh gurus, Arjun Dev, was executed at Jehangir's orders for giving aid and comfort to Khusrau, Jehangir's rebellious son. Art, literature, and architecture prospered under Jehangir's rule, and the Mughal gardens in Srinagar remain an enduring testimony to his artistic taste. He died in 1627.
Key Points of Jehangir :
Real Name was Saleem, born on 1569.
Auto-Biography : Tujak-A-Jehangir.
Jehangir Hanged Sikh Guru - Guru Arjun Singh,
William Hackings, Thomas Roe are British Messangers.
Started First Business at Surat
Drawings was most in that time
He Built Shalimar, Nishat Gardens in Kashmir,
Died in Kashmir
Shah Jahan: (1628 - 1658)
Jehangir was succeeded by his second son Khurram in 1628. Khurram took the name of Shah Jahan, i.e. the Emperor of the World. He further expanded his Empire to Kandhar in the north and conquered most of Southern India. The Mughal Empire was at its zenith during Shah Jahan's rule. This was due to almost 100 years of unparalleled prosperity and peace. As a result, during this reign, the world witnessed the unique development of arts and culture of the Mughal Empire. Shah Jahan has been called the "architect king". The Red Fort and the Jama Masjid, both in Delhi, stand out as towering achievements of both civil engineering and art. Yet above all else, Shah Jahan is remembered today for the Taj Mahal, the massive white marble mausoleum constructed for his wife Mumtaz Mahal along the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra.
Key Points Regarding Shah Jahan :
Real Name : Kuram.
Jaganath Andhra Poet in his Darbar.
'Shah Jahan Nama' - Written by 'Inyaat Khan'
Upanshds, Ramayan, Bhavat gita Translated to Persia at this Period.
Built by Shah Jahan :
Diwani Khas, Diwani Aam.
Red Fort (Delhi), Jama Majid (Delhi). Imperial College (Delhi).
Red Fort Sculpture : Hameed
Moti Majid (Agra), Taj Mahal (Agra)
Tourists Visited in this Shah Jahan Period :
Travernier - France (told about Peacock Throne)
Bernier - France (Doctor)
Nicholae Manuski - France (Doctor)
Peter Mandi - England Toursist.
Aurangzeb: (1658 - 1707)
Aurangzeb ascended the throne in 1658 and ruled supreme till 1707. Thus Aurangzeb ruled for 50 years, matching Akbar's reign in longevity. But unfortunately he kept his five sons away from the royal court with the result that none of them was trained in the art of government. This proved to be very damaging for the Mughals later on. During his 50 years of rule, Aurangzeb tried to fulfill his ambition of bringing the entire Sub-continent under one rule. It was under him that the Mughal Empire reached its peak in matter of area. He worked hard for years but his health broke down in the end. He left behind no personal wealth when he died in 1707, at the age of 90 years. With his death, the forces of disintegration set in and the mighty Mughal empire started collapsing.
Key Points For Aurangzeb :
He was called as Alangir,
Bibi Ka Makbar (Mini Tajmahal) , Bada Shahi Majid (Lahore) Built by Aurangzeb.
The Mughal King who closed all British Factories.
Banned 'Nao Roj' Festival in Dabar (Balban Introduced)
Battle of Samughar 1658 by brother Dharagako and won
Jijiya Tax and Tourist Tax was implemented. Sikhs 9th guru Tej Bahadur was assisnated by him.
Died in 1707, Built at - Khuladabad (Aurangabad).
Other Mughal Rulers :
Bahadur Shah - 1 ( 1707 - 1712)
Jahandar Shah (1712 - 1713)
PharukvShiyar (1713 - 1718)
Muhammad Shah (1719 - 1748)
Shah Alam - 2 (1759 - 1806)
Akbar - 2 (1806 - 1837) : Lived in red Fort , Sent Raja Ram Mohan Roy to London to talk about money matters.
Bahadur Shah - 2 (1837 - 1857) : Last Ruler of Mughal, Died in Rangoon Jail.
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